Countries which are likely to lose transit fees when the pipeline carrying Siberian gas directly to Western consumers comes on stream are – no surprise – most vocal environmentalists. At the same time, western European powers such as France, Germany, the Netherlands, and others who face impending energy shortfalls are as much concerned about maintaining their lifestyles as about keeping control of thousands of tons of war chemicals and chemical munitions, dumped in the immediate proximity. It's true that balancing between the benefit from the pipeline and the risk from what may emerge from the seabed as it runs along is a difficult and pressing problem. Shortly after the WWII, the Potsdam Conference ruled that each of the four victorious nations were responsible for the disposal of a fair share of German combat agents and munitions. The Soviet Union got 70,500 tons of this material, the US 104,500 tons, the UK 126,700 tons, and France 9,500 tons. Each country disposed of the unsavoury windfalls in their own and secretive ways. Some claim the US and UK sank barges with all their 231,000 tons near the German seaport of Kiel and in the Strait of Skagerrak between Jutland and the Scandinavian Peninsula. France has left no record of its actions. In the Soviet Union, the war chemicals were burnt, exploded on remote test sites, and recycled for civilian use. Up to 60% of all the chemicals, however, were also sunk in the Baltic: 32,000 tons of bombs, projectiles, and canisters were thrown into the sea 104km to the SW of Liepaja (Latvia) and to the east of the Danish island of Bornholm. The stockpile included 455,000 munitions armed with mustard and other blister gases; 10,500 'adamsite' dischargers, and scores of barrels of the deadly Zyklon-B. Mustard gas, the most lethal and powerful combat agent, made the bulk of the stock and of the later Soviet chemical weapons, 300,000 tons of which were dumped, together with 189 tons of prussiate, in the Baltic between 1947 and 1978. The problem is real. Nine nations and 85 million people living near the Baltic are well aware of that, and of course building anything under the sea without presenting a way to fend-off the possible environmental catastrophe would be insane. However, this is just what the North European Gas Pipeline operators are doing, and quite successfully at that. Sergei Serdyukov, Gazprom's deputy chief of gas transportation and storage operations, told RIA Novosti that the company had examined in detail the precise chemical dump maps inherited from East Germany, and said that drafting the pipeline route had involved close cooperation with the environmental watchdogs of all the affected countries. The route, Mr Serdyukov said, was selected so as to avoid high-risk areas – which are well known and included in all sea maps – well before the pipeline project won political support. Near Bornholm, Gazprom's sonar survey found a two-km wide shelf which is very convenient for the pipe, just 200m deep, and runs far enough from the dump sites. "We have surveyed every centimeter of the bottom where the pipeline is going to run and selected a 170-m corridor, broad enough to lay two pipes," Serdyukov said. "Almost all the WWII chemical munitions already pose an environmental danger. Most of the metal and rubber canisters are nearly etched through by salty water. The heavy mustard gas jelly concentrates at the bottom, and is dragged elsewhere by deepwater streams. "Such nomad jelly clouds are going to be fairly dangerous when Gazprom drills test construction wells there. You cannot possibly predict how drilling machines will operate in such environment. It is comforting, though, that part of the stockpile has died out, and all the munitions had been dumped without fuses." Professor Natalia Kalinina, Russia's leading chemical weapons experts, corroborates that the jelly layer resulting from decades of underwater storage protects the sea from the impact of combat agents, though who knows what will emerge if this layer is disturbed by construction. "Don't go asking for trouble," she warns. The trouble may emerge without a pipeline as well, because the Danish Kattegat and Skagerrak Straits are major marine thoroughfares in the Baltic, a gateway to the Atlantic for 2,000 vessels per day. Moreover, the trouble is not unique: WWII has left many unexploded torpedoes, mines, and other munitions. Serdyukov says there are places where you cannot see the bottom under piles of old ammunition. Construction parties mainly clear them out but, in some more dangerous cases, they have to apply to adjacent governments for explosive ordnance disposal. Curiously, another problem is fishermen, and fish. Anything unusual on the seabed attracts both, which is a problem Gazprom did not encounter during the construction of the Russian-Turkish Blue Stream gas pipeline under the Black Sea, where the life layer is limited to several hundred meters. Nonetheless, Serdyukov said, Gazprom is going to capitalize on the experience of that fast and successful enterprise. The Baltic pipeline will be laid under unprecedented environmental safety standards: the steel pipe shielded by three layers of bitumen enamel will be concrete coated, which will provide mechanical protection, while compensating for natural buoyancy. The environmental safety as well as the economic viability of the NEGP will be additionally assured by international auditor, the Veritas Group. The Russian and German partners have confirmed that they are united in their awareness of the environmental challenges, and in their commitment to overcoming them and delivering safe and reliable gas supplies to consumers across Western Europe.