This is the reality in Ecuador, for example, where no new construction is foreseen for the short term, since the country is undergoing a constitutional revision and all investment has been paralyzed. "Ecuador has 3, 300km of pipeline that consume nearly $40 million in annual maintenance," said the president of Oleoducto de Crudos Persados (OCP), Wong Loon. The same occurs in Europe where the demand for gas should reach 652bn cum in 2030. "We have to invest in modernization since the number of pipelines that is more than 40 years old is increasing," said the member of the Board for Energy and Transportation of the European Commission, Cristobal Burgos-Alonso. "Besides that, in 2008, the European Union will revise its energy policy, foreseeing additional investments in infrastructure for building CO2 and biofuel pipelines, for example," he added. However, when the issue involves new networks, the emphasis is on the distance between large gas reserves and the main consumer markets. In Brazil's case, the demand for gas, which was 48.2m cum/d in 2006, will reach 121m cum/d in 2011, according to the general manager for new business development at Transpetro, Charles Labrunie. "According to Plangas – Petrobras' Natural Gas Production Anticipation Plan – Brazil will increase natural gas production by 15m cum this year to 40m cum in 2011," he said. Besides the approved projects, which total $ 6.5 billion in investments between 2007 and 2011, Transpetro plans to build 523km more pipeline between Urucu and Porto Velho, along with 88km for the Gaspal project and 1,190km for Gasbol. Douglas-Westwood's projections for all of Latin America total 17,000km of new pipeline between 2008 and 2012. Similarly, Canada has two large pipeline construction projects: the Alaska pipeline, which should start operations in 2014 and foresees an investment of $ 20 billion to transport from 120 to 180m cum/d, and the Mackenzie pipeline, with operations projected to begin in 2012, an investment of $ 7.5 billion, and the capacity to transport from 36 to 54,000 cum'd. "The increase in oil prices is driving new investments," said Dr Mo Mohitpour, speaking on behalf of Canada's Enbridge International. "In North America, projected investments in pipelines will reach $155 billion in the next 20 years," he said.